Generic Name: Levofloxacin eent
Class: Antibacterials
Chemical Name: (S) - 9 - Fluoro - 2,3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 10 - (4 - methyl - 1 - piperazinyl) - 7 - oxo - hydrate - 7H - pyrido[1,2,3 - de] - 1,4 - benzoxazine - 6 - carboxylic acid
Molecular Formula: C18H20FN3O4•½H2O
CAS Number: 138199-71-0
REMS:
FDA approved a REMS for levofloxacin to ensure that the benefits of a drug outweigh the risks. The REMS may apply to one or more preparations of levofloxacin and consists of the following: medication guide. See the FDA REMS page () or the ASHP REMS Resource Center ().
Introduction
Antibacterial; fluoroquinolone; levorotatory isomer of ofloxacin.1 2 3 4
Uses for Quixin
Bacterial Ophthalmic Infections
Treatment of conjunctivitis caused by susceptible Acinetobacter lwoffii, Corynebacterium spp, Haemophilus influenzae, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, groups C, F, and G streptococci, viridans streptococci, or Streptococcus pneumoniae.1 8
Role of topical fluoroquinolones in management of uncomplicated bacterial conjunctivitis not fully elucidated; some clinicians suggest that the drugs be reserved principally for severe bacterial conjunctivitis because of potential development of quinolone resistance, and possibly, cost considerations.7 12 13 14
Quixin Dosage and Administration
Administration
For topical use only.1 Not for injection.1 Not for subconjunctival injection or introduction directly into anterior chamber of the eye.1
Ophthalmic Administration
Apply topically to the eye as an ophthalmic solution.1
Avoid contamination of applicator tip.1
Dosage
Pediatric Patients
Bacterial Ophthalmic Infections
Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmic
Children ≥1 year of age: 1 or 2 drops of 0.5% solution in affected eye(s) every 2 hours while awake (up to 8 times daily) for 2 days, then 1 or 2 drops every 4 hours while awake (up to 4 times daily) for the next 5 days.1
Adults
Bacterial Ophthalmic Infections
Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmic
1 or 2 drops of 0.5% solution in affected eye(s) every 2 hours while awake (up to 8 times daily) for 2 days, then 1 or 2 drops every 4 hours while awake (up to 4 times daily) for the next 5 days.1
Cautions for Quixin
Contraindications
Hypersensitivtity to levofloxacin, other quinolones, or any ingredient in the formulation.1
Warnings/Precautions
Sensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity
Serious, potentially fatal hypersensitivity reactions reported following systemic administration of fluoroquinolones; has occurred with the initial dose.1
If allergic reaction occurs, discontinue levofloxacin and institute appropriate therapy if indicated.1
General Precautions
Superinfection.
Possible overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms (e.g., fungi) with prolonged use; if superinfection occurs, discontinue levofloxacin and institute other appropriate therapy.1
Patient Monitoring
Careful monitoring, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining when appropriate, may be necessary in some patients.1
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category C.1
Lactation
Since ofloxacin is distributed into milk, levofloxacin (levo isomer of ofloxacin) also may be distributed into milk.1 Use levofloxacin ophthalmic preparations with caution.1
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established in children <1 year of age.1
Geriatric Use
No substantial differences in safety and efficacy relative to younger adults.1
Common Adverse Effects
Transient decrease in vision, transient ocular burning, ocular pain or discomfort, foreign body sensation, headache, fever, pharyngitis, photophobia.1
Quixin Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Maximum mean plasma levofloxacin concentrations after topical application of 0.5% ophthalmic solution to the eye for 15 days were >1000 times lower than those reported after standard oral doses.1
Stability
Storage
Ophthalmic
Solution
15–25°C.1
Actions and Spectrum
Usually bactericidal.4
Like other fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.1 8 16
Spectrum of activity includes gram-positive aerobic bacteria and some gram-negative aerobic bacteria.1
Active against most A. lwoffii, Corynebacterium, H. influenzae, S. marcescens, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, groups C, F, and G streptococci, viridans streptococci, and S. pneumoniae.1 8
Advice to Patients
Importance of discontinuing drug and informing clinician at first sign of rash or other sign of hypersensitivity.1
Importance of not wearing contact lenses in the presence of signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis.1 Contains benzalkonium chloride, which may be absorbed by some contact lenses.1
Importance of learning and adhering to proper administration techniques to avoid contamination of the product.1
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs.1
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.1 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ophthalmic | Solution | 0.5% | Quixin (with benzalkonium chloride) | Santen |
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions October 27, 2011. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
1. Santen. Quixin (levofloxacin) ophthalmic solution 0.5% prescribing information. Napa, CA; 2000 Oct.
2. Davis R, Bryson HM. Levofloxacin: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1994; 47:677-700. [PubMed 7516863]
3. Fish DN, Chow AT. The clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997; 32:101-19. [PubMed 9068926]
4. Une T, Fujimoto T, Sato K et al. In vitro activity of DR-3355, an optically active ofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988; 32:1336-40. [IDIS 248086] [PubMed 3195996]
5. O’Brien T. Conjunctivitis. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R eds. Principles and practices of infectious diseases. 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:1251-6.
6. Limberg MB. A review of bacterial keratitis and bacterial conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991; 112:2-9S.
7. Thielen TL, Castle SS, Terry JE. Anterior ocular infections: an overview of pathophysiology and treatment. Ann Pharmacother. 2000; 34:235-46. [IDIS 439875] [PubMed 10676832]
8. Santen. Quixin (levofloxacin ophthalmic solution) 0.5% product monograph. Napa, CA; 2000.
9. Hwang DG, Rotberg MH, Montgomery JE et al. Efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution (LVFX) compared to placebo for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) annual meeting. Fort Lauderdale, FL: 2000 Apr 30-May 5.
10. McCulley JP, Wapner FJ, Graves AL et al. Efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution (LVFX) for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) annual meeting. Fort Lauderdale, FL: 2000 Apr 30-May 5.
11. Graves AL, Lichtenstein SJ, Moran CT et al. Pediatric efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution (LVFX) for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) annual meeting. Fort Lauderdale, FL: 2000 Apr 30-May 5.
12. Yolton DP. New antibacterial drugs for topical ophthalmic use. Optom Clin. 1992; 2:59-72.
13. Gwon A for the Ofloxacin Study Group II. Ofloxacin vs tobramycin for the treatment of external ocular infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992; 110:1234-7. [IDIS 301536] [PubMed 1520109]
14. Robert PY, Adenis JP. Comparative review of topical ophthalmic antibacterial preparations. Drugs. 2001; 61:175-85.
15. Santen. Napa, CA: Personal communication.
16. Bearden DT, Danziger LH. Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21:224S-32S. [IDIS 472236] [PubMed 11642689]
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